Use of space, levels and proxemics for blood brothers

For instance. At the point when Mrs. Lyons (Vivienne Carlyle) didn't need Mrs. Johnston (Marti Webb) close to the infant. Carlyle was situated stage directly in connection with Mari Webb who was arranged left. Carlyle moved move in an opposite direction from Webb to show that she didn't need her close to the youngster and in doing that, she gripped the kid near her. Carlyle successfully utilized that she didn't need Webb. Webb Carlyle Audience Another model is when Mickey (Sean Jones) and Eddie (Simon Wilmot) become companions and Mrs. J ( Webb) discovers! Mickey is send inside and I saw that Webb utilized exceptionally close proxemics when conversing with Simon. This indicated the Love of a mother to her child that she had parted with and hadn't seen for quite a while in spite of the fact that Simon doesn't know now! I likewise felt the utilization of levels was utilized adequately by the Narrator (Keith Burns) as he connected the entertainers with the characters. For Example, when he was at the highest point of the foundation, looking down at the entertainers, it appeared as though he was in charge. Particularly in light of the fact that he was the person who determines what occurs in the story. What's more, I however utilization of separating was likewise acceptable as they utilized the foundation which hindered the profundity of behind the sheets and the real size of the stage. For Example. At the point when the Scene was occurring at Mrs. Lyons house, they presented foundation which made the stage look littler. Another model is the point at which they Split the phase in to two scenes. It was cross sliced from one territory to the next. As appeared in the outline.

Disaster Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Debacle Management - Essay Example He/she is likewise answerable for sorting out and coordinating a group that targets safeguarding and forestalling further harm and passings of individuals and residential creatures by the catastrophe. The hierarchy of leadership is as per the following. At the top most is the debacle leader who is in control and liable for the entire circumstance. Quickly under the calamity leader are the open data official and contact officials. The open data official ought to comprehend standards of dangers in correspondence. He/she is answerable for giving exact general wellbeing data to people in general and teaming up offices. His/her job is to guarantee that the message is reliable. The contact official, then again, fills in as a state of contact for supporting organizations and addressing their inquiries and giving briefings at whatever point essential. The official additionally keeps the organizations from being shelled with questions and demands. The following level incorporates the activiti es boss official whose primary work is to create and execute methodologies and strategies with the point of doing episode targets. He is liable for arranging strategy assets and guaranteeing that there is acceptable correspondence with the individuals conveying the assets. The arranging boss official likewise falls in this level and he/she is liable for get-together, breaking down, and scattering data. The work force are liable for assembling an occurrence activity plan and concentrating on what may come next inside the episode. The work force ought to have characteristics of good composed and relational abilities. Inside a similar level, the coordinations boss official is answerable for obtaining space and providing gear fundamental for the episode. He/she ought to be quick, exact, and exact. At long last, inside a similar level, a main account official is answerable for guaranteeing legitimate authoritative and money related procedures are set up. He/she likewise guarantees that t he assets requested are accessible and extended if fundamental. The monetary official ought to be acquainted with budgetary frameworks and ready to keep exact money related information. The spilled carbon monoxide, oil, and a lot more perils present inside the private houses are a portion of the natural issues the open medical caretaker needs to manage yet are past her field of activity. Rates of intensity misfortune and harm of houses are additionally past her zone of activity, henceforth the need to work with various offices so as to encourage brisk and brief salvage crucial. The wellbeing attendant migrates casualties from their homes to more secure shades if there should arise an occurrence of flooding. Under conditions when clean water isn't accessible, the general wellbeing attendant advices on drinking of bubbled water and filtered water. If there should arise an occurrence of oil spillage and paints in a private house, the wellbeing medical attendant contacts a natural maste r to guidance on the most proficient method to tidy up family unit perils. The general wellbeing official additionally helps casualties through dynamic by being mindful, comprehension, and tuning in to their feelings of trepidation. He/she likewise enables the casualties to lessen uneasiness and weight. Under circumstances where the casualty doesn't talk or get English, the general wellbeing medical attendant uses motions to impart. This causes the medical caretaker to experience the victim’

The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Theories Cognitive Psychology Print The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Schachter and Singers Theory of Emotion By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on October 01, 2019 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology What exactly makes up an emotion? According to one major theory of emotion, there are two key components: physical arousal and a cognitive label. In other words, the experience of emotion involves first having some kind of physiological response which the mind then identifies. Cognitive theories of emotion began to emerge during the 1960s, as part of what is often referred to as the cognitive revolution in psychology. One of the earliest cognitive theories of emotion was one proposed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer,  known as the two-factor theory of emotion. Verywell / Cindy Chung   What Is the Two-Factor Theory? Like the James-Lange theory of emotion, and in contrast to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, Schachter and Singer felt that physical arousal played a primary in emotions. However, they suggested that this arousal was the same for a wide variety of emotions, so physical arousal alone could not be responsible for emotional responses. The two-factor theory of emotion focuses on the interaction between physical arousal and how we cognitively label that arousal. In other words, simply feeling arousal is not enough; we also must identify the arousal in order to feel the emotion. So, imagine you are alone in a dark parking lot walking toward your car. A strange man suddenly emerges from a nearby row of trees and rapidly approaches. The sequence that follows, according to the two-factor theory, would be much like this: I see a strange man walking toward me.My heart is racing and I am trembling.My rapid heart rate and trembling are caused by fear.I am frightened! The process begins with the stimulus (the strange man), which is followed by the physical arousal (rapid heartbeat and trembling). Added to this is the cognitive label (associating the physical reactions to fear), which is immediately followed by the conscious experience of the emotion (fear). The immediate environment plays an important role in how physical responses are identified and labeled. In the example above, the dark, lonely setting and the sudden presence of an ominous stranger contributes to the identification of the emotion as fear. What would happen if you were walking toward your car on a bright sunny day and an elderly woman began to approach you? Rather than feeling fear, you might interpret your physical response as something like curiosity or concern if the woman seemed to be in need of assistance.   Schachter and Singer’s Experiment In a 1962 experiment, Schachter and Singer put their theory to the test. A group of 184 male participants was injected with epinephrine, a hormone that produces arousal including increased heartbeat, trembling, and rapid breathing. All of the participants were told that they were being injected with a new drug to test their eyesight. However, one group of participants was informed of the possible side-effects that the injection might cause while the other group of participants was not. Participants were then placed in a room with another participant who was actually a confederate in the experiment. The confederate either acted in one of two ways: euphoric or angry. Participants who had not been informed about the effects of the injection were more likely to feel either happier or angrier than those who had been informed. Those who were in a room with the euphoric confederate were more likely to interpret the side effects of the drug as happiness, while those exposed to the angry confederate were more likely to interpret their feelings as anger. Schacter and Singer had hypothesized that if people experienced an emotion for which they had no explanation, they would then label these feelings using their feelings at the moment. The results of the experiment suggested that participants who had no explanation for their feelings were more likely to be susceptible to the emotional influences of the confederate. Criticism of Two-Factor Theory While Schachter and Singers research spawned a great deal of further research, their theory has also been subject to criticism. Other researchers have only partially supported the findings of the original study  and have at times shown contradictory results.   In replications by Marshall and Zimbardo, the researchers found that participants were no more likely to act euphoric when exposed to a euphoric confederate than when they were exposed to a neutral confederate. In another study by Maslach, hypnotic suggestion was used to induce arousal rather than injecting epinephrine. The results suggested that unexplained physical arousal was more likely to generate negative emotions no matter which type of confederate condition they were exposed to. Other criticisms of the two-factor theory: Sometimes emotions are experienced before we think about them.Other researchers have supported James-Langes initial suggestion that there are actual physiological differences between emotions.

The Emergence Of The United States As An Independent...

African -American history predated the emergence of the United States as an independent country, and African – American literature was similarly in deep roots. Jupiter Hammon who was considered as the first published Black writer in America. In 1761, he published his first poem named â€Å"An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ with Penitential Cries†. Through his poem, he implemented the idea of a gradual emancipation as a way to end slavery. His idea was later reprinted in some works such as â€Å"Le Mulatre† a short story published in 1837 by Victor Sejour and Clotel; or, The President’s Daughter (1853) by William Wells Brown. The second African American writer was â€Å"Lucy Terry†. She was stolen from America and sold into slavery in Rhode Island as an infant. She spent time in Rhode Island, up until the age of five, when she was sold to Ebenezer Wells of Deerfield. At the time, an Indian attack occurred in an area of Deerfield called â€Å"T he Bars†, which was a colonial term for a meadow. At the age of 16, Lucy Terry wrote her first work â€Å"Bars Fight†, a ballad about an attack of Deerfield. The Ballad was preserved orally until it was published in 1855 in Josiah Holland’s History of western Massachusetts. Wheatley was the contemporary of Lucy Terry. She was also a slave, born in West Africa. She was sold into slavery at the age of seven and transported to North America. She was purchased by the Wheatley family of Boston, who taught her to read and write and encouraged her poetry whenShow MoreRelatedThe West African Nation of Ghana2488 Words   |  10 Pagesmid-twentieth century is Africa’s. This decade is the decade of African independence. Forward then, to independence. To independence now. Tomorrow, the united states of Africa.† It was with these words that Kwame Nkrumah concluded his speech at the opening ceremony of the All-African People’s conference in 1958. It was one of the first Pan-African congresses to be held in the continent, in an independent African nation and with a number of African freedom fighters-an achievement that Nkrumah was particularlyRead MorePartition and Scramble of Africa1582 Words   |  7 Pagesa period whereby European powers colonised, invaded, occupied and annexed African territories in a very rapid and unprecedented manner, even though there was little interest in Africa up to the 1870s. In fact, up to 1880 Europeans ruled merely 10% of the African continent. Yet within 30 years, by 1914, European nations will have claimed all of Africa except Liberia (a small territory of freed slaves from the United States) and Abyssinia (Ethiopia), which had successfully held off Italian invadersRead MoreEssay about Black Bourgeoisie Critical Review1655 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 1: The Roots of the Black Bourgeoisie 1. According to the perspective of E. Franklin Frazier, the â€Å"Black Bourgeoisie played an important role among American Negros for decades. Frazier’s study led him to the significant of â€Å"Negro Business† and its impact on the black middle class. Education was a major social factor responsible for emergence of the Black bourgeoisie. 2. By fact, the net total number of the free Negroes in the first generation topped out at 37,245 with an estimated accumulationRead MoreScramble Africa And The Aftermath Essay2328 Words   |  10 Pagescolony. The United States, Canada, South Korea, Niger, India, Kenya, Australia, and the Republic of South Africa and more shared the pros and cons of colonial systems. They are all former colonies to the extent that India, Nigeria, South Africa, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand are members of the Commonwealth, they are former colonies of the United Kingdom and they all continue to concede the nominal leadership of the queen. Here we come to the limit of the commonality of the countries that we routinelyRead More African Diaspora Essay2370 Words   |  10 PagesDiaspora from the lenses of migration; that the migration of people through out of the African continent has different points of origin, different patterns and results in different identity formations. Yet, all of these patterns of dispersion and germination/ assimilation represent formations of the Diaspora. My paper will focus on the complexities of the question of whether or not Africans in the Diaspora should return to Africa. This will be focused through the lensesRead MoreOppression Of African American Body Essay1933 Words   |  8 PagesBooker T. Coleman On August 20th, 1619, nearly four centuries ago, the first Africans were brought to their foreign home, America, and the implementation of systematic oppression served to eradicate their identity had begun. The inhabitants of Africa, unconsciously traded in their cultural customs such as religion beliefs, knowledge, and language for the formalities of the Western world, leading to the oppression of African people. Language and diction being one of the core building blocks of societyRead MoreImperialism Question2012 Words   |  9 PagesWeek 5 Imperialism Questions 1. Even though most of Latin America became independent of European colonial rule in the 19c, what were some of the cultural influences and other ties that still existed between the two continents? Between 1810 and 1825, all the Spanish territories on the American mainland gain their sovereignty from Spain. Simultaneously, the power of the Catholic Church diminishes, including its patronage of the visual arts. During these war-torn years, cultural production declinesRead MoreChapter 12 : The Industrial Revolution1830 Words   |  8 Pagesefficient, overall inventions led America into a capitalist marketplace that traded with the rest of the world. 2. With the invention of the steamboat, newer roads, and trains, enabled communication to become faster and more efficient, and connecting Americans to one another, thus, encouraging a deeper sense of nationalism, therefore, bringing an entire continent into a single cultural and economic unit. 3. The improvements in transportation and technology, gave way to the transition from home productionRead MoreThe Rise Of The New Woman2564 Words   |  11 Pages The Rise of the â€Å"New Woman† By Bethlehem Suraphel United States History HP Woodward Academy May 1, 2015 Bethlehem Suraphel Zaring US History HP 1 May 2015 The Evolution of the â€Å"New Woman† On August 18, 1920, women gained a new freedom that would change their role in society forever. This new freedom was the right to vote. Suffrage along with the first World War opened the door for women who were previously considered to onlyRead MoreEssay about History: World War I and Bold Experiments7600 Words   |  31 Pagesknow how to answer the following questions: 1. Why and how did American society industrialize during the late nineteenth century? 2. What were the causes and consequences of urbanization? 3. How did political change and progressive reform gain momentum after 1900? 4. How did the United States emerge as a world power by 1918? 5. What tensions between the old and new existed in the 1920s? The 1920 Census revealed that a majority of Americans (51 percent) lived in urban areas for the first time. Part 5

The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck - 631 Words

A common theme in John Steinbeck’s novel The Grapes of Wrath is the social commentary in promoting the norm gender stereotypes. In Steinbeck’s novel the typical stereotype that has been played throughout history is of women’s obedience to men. The setting in the novel takes place in the 1930’s on a farmers’ ranch in Oklahoma. During this time was the Great Depression, this caused many families to move westward to California. The men, as head of their households were the ones to make the decisions for the family or also known as the norm gender stereotypes. The more specific examples are how women do housework while the men make family decisions. It is soon later addressed by Steinbeck’s social commentary how the women now make decisions in the family and take charge. First, Steinbeck presents the typical stereotype by introducing a character named Ma, the matriarch of the Joad family. When a male quest offers to help her, she exclaims.  "Leave me to salt the meat†¦its women’s work† (Steinbeck 146). This is only said because she refuses help from a man who sees her tirelessly working, and multitasking on many things. The typical stereotype job for a woman is to do the housework and obey orders from the head of the family. If a man is seen doing those certain activities it is considered bad on the woman for not doing her job properly and degrading for the man performing them. This demonstrates the typical stereotype of women that it is seen as their duty to doShow MoreRelatedThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck, widely viewed as one of the most finest and powerful American writer, born to a middle-class family in 1902 in the Salinas Valley of California. Steinbeck is a writer who often spoke for the people. The Grapes of Wrath is a great movie, published in 1939, filled with many universal truths and views on human nature and society, especially where class is concerned. In the article, John Steinbeck The Grapes a wrath: A Call to Action says, â€Å"Steinbeck’s novel showcasedRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1075 Words   |  5 PagesKirsten Lloyd Mr. Eldridge AP Junior English 21 August 2014 Grapes of Wrath â€Å"Sometimes even to live is an act of courage.† (Seneca), In the 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, the reader accompanies the Joad family as they struggle to escape the crippling Dust Bowl of the mid- 1930’s. In hopes of establishing a new life for themselves after being forced off their land the family embark on a journey from Oklahoma to California in search of fruitful crops and steady work alongRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1563 Words   |  7 Pages John Steinbeck’s novel, The Grapes of Wrath, depicts a migrant farming family in the 1930s. During this time, life revolved around the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, making circumstances difficult for almost everyone involved, especially those who had little. This time of drought and despair caused people to lose hope in everything they’ve ever known, even themselves, but those who did not, put their hope in the â€Å"promised land† of California. Here, the grass was thought to be truly greenerRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1189 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† Shortly after being released John Steinbeck’s book â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† was banned because many critics viewed the novel as promoting communist propaganda, or socialist ideas. The ideas that many of these critics point to is Steinbeck’s depiction of the Big Banks/ Businesses as monsters, the comparison of Government camps to a utopia in contrast of the makeshift â€Å"Hoovervilles,† and the theme of the community before the individual, In his novel â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† John SteinbeckRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1093 Words   |  5 Pages In John Steinbeck s The Grapes of Wrath, Tom Joad and his family are forced from their home during the 1930’s Oklahoma Dust Bowl and set out for California along with thousands of others in search of jobs, land, and hope for a brighter future. The Grapes of Wrath is Steinbeck’s way to expound about the injustice and hardship of real migrants during the Depression-era. H e utilizes accurate factual information, somber imagery, and creates pathos, allowing readers connections to the Joad’s plightRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath April 14th, 1939, John Steinbeck published the novel, The Grapes of Wrath. The novel became an immediate best seller, with selling over 428,900 copies. Steinbeck, who lived through both the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, sought to bring attention to how families of Oklahoma outdid these disasters. Steinbeck focuses on families of Oklahoma, including the Joads family, who reside on a farm. The Joad family is tested with hardship when life for them on their farm takesRead MoreThe Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck702 Words   |  3 PagesJohn Steinbeck’s use of the intercalary chapters in The Grapes of Wrath helps weave the reader’s sympathy of the Joad family into a more broad sympathy for the migrant farmers as a whole, in the hopes that the readers would then be compelled to act upon what they have read. During the Great Depression, people had a big disconnect about what was happening in various parts of the country. People often struggle to find sympathy for events when they can’t even visualize a person who is suffering throughRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck2144 Words   |  9 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath is a well-known beloved novel of American Literature, written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. Whoever said a road is just a road has not read The Grapes of Wrath. From the time we read when Tom Joad, novel’s protagonist, returns home after four years in prison; the meaning of roads changed. Route 66, also known as the mother road the road of flight, was a lifeline road, which allowed thousands of families to pursue their hopes and dreams. This road is also the road thatRead MoreThe Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck1014 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Steinbeck’s novel, The Grapes of Wrath, was first written and later published in the 1939. Fr om the time of its publication to date, the exemplary yet a simple book has seen Steinbeck win a number of highly coveted awards including Pulitzer Prize in 1940 and later on Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. Set at the time of the Great Depression, the book most remarkably gives a descriptive account of the Oklahoma based sharecropper Joad’ poor family in the light of economic hardship, homelessnessRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1064 Words   |  5 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath, originated from a John Steinbeck’s book, a legendary film that focus on a major point of American history. The story follows the Joad family on their journey to California trying to survive the hardships. This film, focus on the social problems of America like the Dust bowl, The Great Depression, and industrialism. The Grapes of Wrath was filmed in a journalistic-documentary style, which displayed the realism of the epidemic in the thirties. The thirties the period The Grapes

Legal Abortion Arguments Pro and Con. - 984 Words

Legal Abortion: Arguments Pro and Con. Abortion is one of the most controversial issues in the world nowadays. Currently, abortion is legal in America, and many people believe that it should remain legal. These people, pro-choice activists, say that it is the womens right whether or not to have a child. However, there are many groups who are lobbying the Congress to pass laws that would make abortion illegal. These people are called the pro-life activists. Both pro-life and pro-choice activists refer to religion to back up their point of view. Pro-life supporters claim that human life begins at conception. Therefore, abortion is a murder of a person. Conversely, pro-choice activists say that personhood at conception is not a†¦show more content†¦Pro-choice supporters have an opposite view on this issue. They say that forcing a woman to bear a rapists child is further torture of the victim of a heinous crime. Rate of abortions is very high among teenagers. Pro-life activists say that the reason is that the availability of contraception and abortion make them be thoughtless of the consequences sex can have. Pro-choice supporters state that contraceptives and abortion help to prevent teens from becoming parents, and have nothing to do with the increase of their sexual activity. Right to Life movement names adoption as an alternative to abortion. But pro-choice supporters point out one more time that a woman should be able to decide for herself. They say that for a married woman, especially one with other children, giving a baby up for adoption is virtually impossible. Anti-abortionists rely on the fact that unwanted pregnancies become wanted children. They affirm that women make big mistakes having abortions, and they regret it later. On the other hand, pro-choice advocates state that many unwanted babies are abused, neglected or even killed by unloving or immature parents. Even if some may regret an abortion, this should not be a reason to deny choice to all women. Right to Lifers are trying to protect women from abortion, as it can cause psychological and physical damage. Women suffer guilt feeling s all their lives. Pro-life supporters state that nine short months of pregnancy is aShow MoreRelatedA Pro-Choice Essay on Abortion1568 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Pro-choice abortion Man was born with an inalienable aspect of choice and it is with this aspect that the person will die holding to, indeed, at individual levels people have even the choice between living and death and can decided to end their lives even without informing anyone about it. There have been various attempts to stall this menace in the USA but the approaches have always looked at the issue of teenage pregnancy as a religious and family value issue hence missing the point atRead MoreAbortion: Pro-Life and Pro-Choice694 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Pro-choice abortion Man was born with an inalienable aspect of choice and it is with this aspect that the person will die holding to, indeed, at individual levels people have even the choice between living and death and can decided to end their lives even without informing anyone about it. For long the issue of abortion has attracted a lot of attention and there should be lasting stands take towards the whole aspect of pro-life or pro-choice abortion. My personal stand is that the pro-choiceRead MoreAbortion : Affirmative Position Debate Outline1642 Words   |  7 Pages Abortion: Affirmative Position Debate Outline Abortion Background Abortion has been a controversial issue in the American society for decades. It is one that is argued among thousands if not millions of prochoice and prolife advocates. Pro-choice advocates believe that it is a woman’s right to choose whether or not she wants to follow through with a pregnancy regardless of the circumstances. In some cases women find themselves in difficult socioeconomic, health or emotional situations and therebyRead MoreAbortion : Why Politics Can t Find Common Ground1317 Words   |  6 Pages Abortion: Why Politics can’t find Common Ground Emily Gonzales English 5B Professor Gabriel Ibarra 17 Nov. 2015â€Æ' Abstract Abortion as we all know, is a controversial topic that has been known to debate on whether it should be legal or illegal. Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. This particular issue goes way back and even though it is legal now in some places it is still being debated on. Those individualsRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?923 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is an extremely controversial topic, which brings out strong opinions on whether or not it should be illegal. â€Å"The U.S. Supreme Court legalized abortion in the Roe v. Wade decision in 1973† (emedicinehealth). Abortion is a widely discussed topic throughout the American society, some people find it to be a good thing, and others find it to be a bad thing, and lastly some people find there to be pros and cons of abortion. As Americans we have the choice of who to marry and where to live, soRead MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?925 Words   |  4 PagesDiscussing abortion can be an extremely controversial topic, which brings out strong opinions on whether or not it should be illegal. â€Å"The U.S. Supreme Court legalized abortion in the Roe v. Wade decision in 1973† (emedicinehealth). Abortion is a widely discussed topic throughout the American society, some people find it to be a good thing, and others find it to be a bad thing, and lastly some people find there to be pros and cons of abortion. As Americans, we have the choice of who to marry andRead MoreTaylor Meyers. Christine Capen . English 3. May 12, 2017.1076 Words   |  5 Pages2017 How old do you have to be in order to be alive? Pro-life or Pro-choice? These two groups upon abortion will bring opinions flying in from everywhere. The topic on abortion is a very sensitive issue and always has been and probably always will remain a topic upon which we all will never agree on. Before I continue any further, for those who may not know, what exactly is an abortion? Defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, an abortion is, â€Å"the termination of a pregnancy after, accompaniedRead More Abortion: Pro and Con Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesAbortion: Pro and Con In a pluralistic culture of unwanted pregnancy, there exists a contradiction between a relative sense of morality and the democratic ideal of free choice.   Aristotle provided the first written record of this irresolvable contradiction in his book Politics, saying, When couples have children in excess, let abortion be procured before sense and life have begun; what may or may not be lawfully done in these cases depends on the question of life and sensation. (1)   The controversyRead MoreArguments For And Against Abortion1590 Words   |  7 PagesArguments for and Against Abortion The battle over whether to legalize or ban abortion in the United States has greatly increased in recent years; the moral, ethical and legal had been a continuous fight in our society. The abortion issue is also the most passionate and debatable in the United States to whether allow one to have free will over their body or have the government make that decision. Furthermore, it is one of the leading debates in political races. In this society everyone has aRead MorePros And Cons Of Abortion983 Words   |  4 Pages Murder or Not? â€Å"In 2013, 664,435 legal induced abortions were reported to CDC from 49 reporting areas. The abortion rate for 2013 was 12.5 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44 years, and the abortion ratio was 200 abortions per 1,000 live births.† (cdc.gov) Over half a million abortions in one year alone that happened in the U.S.A, and that does not even take into account the rest of the world. Abortion is the act of intentionally terminating a human pregnancy, usually done before the third trimester

Describe the process by which genes and environmen Essay Example For Students

Describe the process by which genes and environmen Essay t operate together to influence development. Describe the process by which genes and environment operate together to influence development. Discuss the significance of these processes for our understanding of child development. This essay will give a detailed account of the process by which genes and the environment operate together to influence development. Looking at Physical development and Language development and the perspectives of Natavism, Behaviourism. Constructivism and Social Constructivism it will explain the role of these perspectives in understanding child development. It is argued that the genetic blueprint can interact with the environment to encourage development. The process of genes and environment working together is often referred to as epigenetics and shows how environmental factors which can affect a parent can change the types of genes passed onto their children. Looking at Physical Development it can be seen if the process of genes and environment operating together influence development. As the environment is constantly changing humankind needs to have changeable characteristics, some of which are physical, this is known as Developmental Plasticity. Piaget studied water snails and found that shape of the snails shell varied depending on its habitat. Pond snails had longer shells than lake snails who had shorter shells to suit the water turbulence. Suggesting that cells have the properties to change and become self-organising, cells can change the way they are developing in response to environmental stimuli. It is argued that genes can be switched on or off in response to this environmental stimuli and can alter the characteristics they produce. Piaget called this process Epigenetic Development, Epigenetic information is constantly being acquired throughout development, giving the environment an active role in influencing development. The environment is shaping information in our genes and changing our physical development. Humankind standing on two legs and walking was a response to environmental changes. This has had a significant effect on our genetic makeup from the shape of our pelvis to the size of our skull. Epigenetic systems can only change things during the period of maturation and once a characteristic is adapted it can not change back. Richardson, 1994, argues in relation to child development this would mean that once a child has learnt a particular behaviour this can not be changed or removed. Richardson argues because of our changing environment humankind need genetic characteristics which are changeable and can adapt through out a lifetime. We are constantly learning new things, and adapt our behaviour to what we have learnt. Learning is one of the processes which require our behaviour patterns to adapt through our lifetime. Life long developmental plasticity is a form of epigenetic development more suitable to child development as aspects such as language, behaviour adapt to suit our environment. Other theories exist which explain the importance of genes and the environment in child development. Belief that all human development can be explained by genetic make up is called genetic determination. This view sees behaviour as having end points and of humankind having little control over their development. The Genetic theories are rigid or Canalised systems. Plotkin and Odling-Smee, 1979, argue genetic determination needs environment to remain constant for many years in order for advantages of adaptation and natural selection to emerge. This is unlikely to happen in our ever changing environment, humankind can change its own environment. This can be seen by the creation of nuclear weapons, and the cutting down of rainforests. By studying twins and heritability it is possible to see to what extent genes influence our development. Heritability is what geneticists use to measure genetic differences, similarities are rated between 0 and 1. The higher the score the higher the heritability, indicating less genetic difference. Twins are usually reared in the same environment, monozygo tic (identical) twins share the same genetic make up and dizygotic twins (non-identical) share only half of their genes. So if development is determined by an innate blueprint then monozygotic twins should have higher heritability characteristics. E.g. Temperament, intelligence etc. than dizygotic twins. Buss and Plomin, 1984, studied twins at 4 years of age and found identical twins were similar in emotionality, Activity and Sociability heritability. Non-identical twins showed no similarities. Buss and Plomin argues this was evidence of genetic influence on development. Berscheid and Walster, 1978, found problems with the relevance of twin studies it was suggested that because monozygotic twins looked alike they were more likely to be treated alike by parents and other members of the family. This could mean that their environmental influences were more similar than dizygotic twins. NURSING NUTRITION PROJECT EssaySkinner a behaviourist disagrees with Chomosky, Behaviourists argue child development is based on conditioning and imitation. Skinner argues children acquire language not innately but through reinforcement. Skinner argues adults try to interpret a childs babbles into words and praise babbles that sound like words. Adults then reinforce the words by repeating them back to the child. The child then imitates the words of the adult and gains more praise for sounding like an adult. Behaviourists argue language is the result of the environment a child is in, as children do not invent new languages but acquire the language from the environment around them. Chomosky accepts environment does have a role to play in language development, as environment decides which language is learnt, but argues the capacity to learn language is innate. Another way of looking at language development is the child constructs its own language acquisition. The Transaction Model by Sameroff, 1991, can be applied, this follows the pattern of gene and environment creating development but the child then reacts to the feedback of development and influences its own development. Sameroff argues that as a result of a difficult birth a mother could become anxious, creating a baby that is has irregular patterns of sleeping and feeding and the mother sees the baby as difficult. The mother will spend less time with the baby and as a result the child may not attain average language development. The child is seen as active in development and creates interactions which lead to development processes. Piaget also sees the child as active in language development. Piaget reflects the constructivism theory of child development, which sees genes and environment working together to influence development. Piaget argues children do construct their own language acquisition. Piaget accepts maturation and learning are part of language development but argues a child can construct its own knowledge through its environment. Piaget says that children are born with basic actions called sensorimotor schemes and build on these foundations through interaction with environment. Piaget argues in the first two years a child has no need for language. Piaget argues that language develops through shared experiences and knowledge of the world. Piagets theory had an impact on the world of education and how teachers viewed learning. If as Piaget argues children are active learners, methods of teaching which involve lecturing students and students taking notes would not be a productive method of teaching. Teaching methods which actively involve the child and encourage exploration and self-knowledge would be more productive. A move away from examination based education and the introduction of more course work based elements is a reflection of this theory in t he world of education. In contrast Vygotsky, a social constructivist disagreed with Piaget as his theory ignored the social environment. Vygotsky argued society was essential to child development as it allowed child interaction with others. He argued that language is acquired by the child internalizing social interactions. A child learns from another person and after interactions are repeated several times the child internalizes it. Vygotsky argued this can only be achieved with another person and carried out in the childs zone of proximal development. Both Vygotsky and Piaget felt a child was active in the their own development. Vygotsky argues environment and its interactions shape the child, in contrast Piagets theory is more biologically linked. In conclusion it can be seen from looking at physical development and language development that genes and the environment operate together to influence development. In relation to child development the gene-environment perspective is not the only one to be considered. Gene only perspectives, Environment only perspectives and the Transactional model which sees the child as actively shaping its own development all play important roles and help us to understand the process of child development.